A screen reader is assistive technology that uses speech synthesis to read aloud text and UI elements on a computer screen. It is an essential tool for users with visual impairments to access websites and applications.

Major screen readers include NVDA and JAWS for Windows, VoiceOver for macOS/iOS, and TalkBack for Android. These interpret HTML structure and ARIA attributes to convey content through speech. Web accessibility guides cover implementation techniques.

Building screen reader-compatible websites requires semantic HTML, proper alt text, ARIA labels, and keyboard navigation support.

From a character count perspective, screen readers also read non-visible text (alt attributes, aria-labels), making character count management of these hidden texts important. Inclusive design books provide additional insights.