So tu hop dong va dieu khoan - Do dai cau, rui ro phap ly va ngon ngu don gian
Dieu khoan dich vu cua iTunes dai 19.972 tu - dai hon ca "Hamlet" cua Shakespeare (18.995 tu). Mot nghien cuu cua Dai hoc Carnegie Mellon uoc tinh rang mot nguoi My trung binh can 76 ngay lam viec de doc het tat ca cac chinh sach quyen rieng tu ma ho dong y trong mot nam. Hop dong va dieu khoan dich vu la nhung van ban ma hau nhu ai cung "dong y" nhung hau nhu khong ai doc. Bai viet nay phan tich moi quan he giua do dai van ban phap ly, kha nang doc hieu va rui ro phap ly, dong thoi gioi thieu phong trao "ngon ngu don gian" (plain language) dang thay doi cach viet hop dong.
Do dai hop dong theo loai - Tu vai trang den hang nghin trang
Do dai hop dong bien dong cuc lon tuy theo loai hinh va muc do phuc tap cua giao dich.
| Loai hop dong | So trang trung binh | So tu trung binh | Thoi gian doc uoc tinh |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hop dong lao dong (don gian) | 3-8 trang | 1.500-4.000 tu | 6-16 phut |
| Hop dong thue nha | 5-15 trang | 2.500-7.500 tu | 10-30 phut |
| Dieu khoan dich vu (app) | 10-30 trang | 5.000-15.000 tu | 20-60 phut |
| Hop dong mua ban bat dong san | 15-40 trang | 7.500-20.000 tu | 30-80 phut |
| Hop dong M&A | 50-200+ trang | 25.000-100.000+ tu | 2-8 gio |
| Hop dong phat hanh trai phieu | 100-500+ trang | 50.000-250.000+ tu | 4-20 gio |
Dieu khoan dich vu cua cac nen tang cong nghe lon co do dai dang kinh ngac. Facebook (Meta) co dieu khoan dai khoang 4.100 tu, Google khoang 4.000 tu, va Apple iTunes dan dau voi gan 20.000 tu. Nhung van ban nay duoc thiet ke de bao ve cong ty truoc moi tinh huong co the xay ra, dan den do dai tang khong ngung qua cac lan cap nhat.
Do dai cau va kha nang doc hieu - Nghien cuu ngon ngu hoc
Nghien cuu ngon ngu hoc cho thay do dai cau anh huong truc tiep den kha nang doc hieu. Van ban phap ly noi tieng voi nhung cau dai bat tan, va dieu nay co he qua thuc te.
| Do dai cau (so tu) | Muc do doc hieu | Phu hop voi |
|---|---|---|
| 8-12 tu | De hieu (95%+ doc hieu) | Huong dan su dung, thong bao cong cong |
| 13-20 tu | Binh thuong (85-95% doc hieu) | Bao chi, tai lieu kinh doanh |
| 21-30 tu | Kho (70-85% doc hieu) | Tai lieu ky thuat, bao cao |
| 31-50 tu | Rat kho (50-70% doc hieu) | Van ban phap ly, hoc thuat |
| 51+ tu | Cuc kho (duoi 50% doc hieu) | Hop dong phuc tap, luat |
Van ban phap ly truyen thong co do dai cau trung binh 35-55 tu, nam trong vung "rat kho" den "cuc kho". Mot cau dieu khoan hop dong dien hinh co the chua nhieu menh de phu, dieu kien, ngoai le va tham chieu cheo, khien nguoi doc phai doc lai nhieu lan de hieu.
Vi du mot cau dieu khoan thuc te (55 tu): "Ben B dong y rang, tru truong hop duoc su dong y truoc bang van ban cua Ben A, Ben B se khong, truc tiep hoac gian tiep, tiet lo, cung cap hoac cho phep truy cap bat ky thong tin mat nao cho bat ky ben thu ba nao, ngoai tru khi viec tiet lo do duoc yeu cau boi luat phap hoac lenh cua co quan co tham quyen."
Cung noi dung do viet lai theo nguyen tac ngon ngu don gian (25 tu): "Ben B khong duoc tiet lo thong tin mat cho ben thu ba ma khong co su dong y bang van ban cua Ben A, tru khi luat phap yeu cau."
Rui ro phap ly cua van ban qua dai hoac qua ngan
Ca van ban qua dai va qua ngan deu tao ra rui ro phap ly, nhung theo cach khac nhau.
Van ban qua dai tao ra rui ro "khong ai doc". Khi dieu khoan dich vu dai 20.000 tu, nguoi dung nhan "Dong y" ma khong doc. Neu tranh chap xay ra, toa an o mot so quoc gia co the phan quyet rang dieu khoan khong co hieu luc vi "khong the ky vong nguoi tieu dung doc va hieu van ban dai nhu vay". An le Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble (2014) tai My la vi du dien hinh, noi toa an phan quyet rang dieu khoan trong dieu kien su dung khong rang buoc nguoi dung vi thiet ke UI khong dam bao nguoi dung thuc su doc chung.
Van ban qua ngan tao ra rui ro "thieu bao ve". Hop dong 1 trang co ve don gian nhung co the thieu cac dieu khoan quan trong nhu gioi han trach nhiem, boi thuong, luat ap dung va giai quyet tranh chap. Khi van de xay ra, khong co dieu khoan nao de vien dan.
Diem can bang ly tuong phu thuoc vao loai hop dong va doi tuong. Hop dong B2B giua cac cong ty lon co the dai va chi tiet vi ca hai ben co luat su xem xet. Dieu khoan dich vu cho nguoi tieu dung nen ngan gon va de hieu vi doi tuong la nguoi binh thuong.
Phong trao ngon ngu don gian (Plain Language Movement)
Phong trao ngon ngu don gian bat dau tu thap nien 1970 tai My va Anh, voi muc tieu lam cho van ban phap ly va chinh phu de hieu hon cho cong chung.
Nam 2010, My thong qua "Plain Writing Act" yeu cau cac co quan lien bang su dung ngon ngu don gian trong tai lieu cong. Lien minh Chau Au cung co huong dan tuong tu. Nhat Ban chua co luat tuong duong nhung Bo Tu phap da ban hanh huong dan "viet van ban phap ly de hieu" tu 2022.
Cac nguyen tac chinh cua ngon ngu don gian trong van ban phap ly:
- Cau ngan (toi da 20-25 tu moi cau)
- Tu ngu pho thong thay vi thuat ngu phap ly khi co the
- Cau truc chu dong thay vi bi dong
- Mot y chinh moi doan van
- Danh sach gach dau dong thay vi liet ke trong cau
- Tieu de va phan muc ro rang
Nhu da phan tich trong Do dai tai lieu phap ly, xu huong toan cau dang chuyen tu "van ban phap ly chi luat su moi hieu" sang "van ban phap ly ai cung hieu". Dieu nay khong co nghia la don gian hoa noi dung phap ly, ma la trinh bay noi dung do mot cach de tiep can hon.
Thiet ke dieu khoan dich vu cho ung dung - Thuc hanh tot nhat
Dieu khoan dich vu (Terms of Service) cua ung dung va website la loai van ban phap ly pho bien nhat ma nha phat trien can viet. Mot so thuc hanh tot:
Do dai muc tieu: 2.000-5.000 tu cho dieu khoan co ban. Du dai de bao ve nhung du ngan de nguoi dung co the doc trong 10-20 phut. Neu can dai hon, chia thanh cac phan voi tieu de ro rang va cung cap ban tom tat o dau.
Cau truc khuyen nghi: mo dau ngan gon (ai la ai, dich vu la gi), quy dinh su dung (nguoi dung duoc va khong duoc lam gi), quyen so huu tri tue, gioi han trach nhiem, quyen rieng tu (hoac lien ket den chinh sach rieng), thay doi dieu khoan, luat ap dung va giai quyet tranh chap.
Xu huong "layered approach": cung cap ban tom tat ngan (500-800 tu) voi ngon ngu don gian o dau, sau do la van ban phap ly day du. Nguoi dung co the hieu nhanh cac diem chinh tu ban tom tat va doc chi tiet khi can. Cach nay can bang giua kha nang doc va su day du phap ly.
Nhu da thao luan trong Thiet ke thong bao loi, viec truyen dat thong tin phuc tap mot cach de hieu la ky nang thiet ke quan trong. Dieu khoan dich vu cung can duoc "thiet ke" chu khong chi "viet".
Cong cu do luong kha nang doc van ban phap ly
Nhieu cong cu giup danh gia kha nang doc cua van ban phap ly.
| Chi so | Cach tinh | Muc tieu cho van ban phap ly |
|---|---|---|
| Flesch Reading Ease | Dua tren do dai cau va so am tiet | 40-60 (binh thuong den kho) |
| Flesch-Kincaid Grade | Chuyen doi thanh cap hoc | Lop 8-12 (trung hoc) |
| Gunning Fog Index | Do dai cau + tu phuc tap | Duoi 12 |
| SMOG Index | So tu da am tiet | Duoi 10 |
| Coleman-Liau Index | So ky tu va cau | Lop 8-12 |
Dieu khoan dich vu cua Facebook co diem Flesch Reading Ease khoang 25 (rat kho doc), tuong duong trinh do sau dai hoc. Trong khi do, huong dan cua Plain Language Movement khuyen nghi muc 40-60 cho van ban phap ly huong den cong chung. Khoang cach nay cho thay con nhieu co hoi cai thien kha nang doc cua van ban phap ly truc tuyen.
Cac cong cu nhu Hemingway Editor, Readable.com va Microsoft Word (tinh nang Readability Statistics) co the tinh toan cac chi so nay tu dong. Viec kiem tra kha nang doc nen la buoc bat buoc trong quy trinh soan thao dieu khoan dich vu, tuong tu nhu kiem tra chinh ta va ngu phap.
Tai lieu tham khao ve ky thuat soan thao hop dong co the tim tren Amazon.